Sometimes researchers are surprised by their results. According to this article, researchers expected exercisers to overestimate the food "reward" earned through exercising. However, the subjects underestimated - by a lot. On average their estimates provided less than half of the calories they actually burned.
How can this be? After all, isn't society getting fatter and fatter in spite of exercise? (Google "we exercise but we're still fat" and see how many articles you get.) I suspect that these researchers wanted to show that we overeat following exercise because we can't estimate the calories burned/returned. Oops. Their data simply didn't support that.
However, even though their quantitative data went against their expectation, they have an explanation:
“Potentially this might be seen as encouraging, but as we pointed out in the paper, we have qualitative evidence [emphasis added] that their intentions would have been to actually eat more when the training had finished, even though they were reporting by underestimating,” Williams said.
Many participants remarked that they would have rewarded themselves with more food or drink than they had estimated would compensate, he said.
In other words, the carefully designed experiment didn't provide the expected results but they still have some evidence that exercisers overeat. If their question was really "how much will you eat after you exercise" instead of "how many calories do you think you can replace after exercise" then that's the question they should have asked.
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